Proceedings pro063 : RILEM TC 211-PAE Final Conference on Concrete in Aggresive Aqueous Environments - Performance, Testing and Modeling

Title: RILEM TC 211-PAE Final Conference on Concrete in Aggresive Aqueous Environments - Performance, Testing and Modeling Edited by M.G. Alexander and A. Bertron ISBN: 978-2-35158-071-4 e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-082-0 Pages: 631 Publication date: 2009

Concrete and cement-based materials increasingly must operate in aggressive aqueous environments, either natural or industrial in origin, in which these materials are subjected to processes of degradation whereby ion addition and exchange reactions occur, leading to a breakdown of the matrix microstructure and a weakening of the material. Sometimes this degradation can be extremely rapid and serious, such as in acidic environments, while in other cases degradation occurs over long periods. Consequences of material failure are usually severe – such failures adversely affect the well-being of human communities and disturb ecological balances. There are also large direct costs of maintaining and replacing deteriorated infrastructure, and indirect costs from suspension of production during maintenance work, which place a great burden on society.

The focus of RILEM TC 211-PAE was on addressing issues concerning performance of cement-based materials in aggressive aqueous environments. The TC’s objectives were the consideration of the scientific nature of the problem, and also an attempt to provide engineering approaches to addressing these problems in practice. It sought to furnish an understanding of concrete performance over a broad range of environments in terms of fundamental mechanisms and processes. The TC also sought to take a critical approach to existing standards, with a view to providing a framework within which improved standards and guidelines could be written.

The proceedings in these two volumes represent the papers and reports presented at the closing conference of RILEM TC 211-PAE, held in Toulouse, France, in June 2009. The papers were organized in 4 sessions, matching the different tasks of the 211-PAE working groups: (1) degradation mechanisms, (2) modeling, (3) test methods and (4) performances of materials. They represent contributions over a wide range of environments - sewage systems, ground waters, natural waters, rainwater, marine environments, agro-industrial media, chemical industries - and aggressive agents - sulphates, strong and weak acids, microorganisms, etc. All the papers were rigorously peer-reviewed by experts, primarily members of the technical committee who have specific expertise in the areas considered. These conference volumes will be a valuable addition to the literature on these subjects.

Contents

Preface Author(s): M. Alexander, A. Bertron

Pages: XVII - XVIII

Volume 1 - Session 1: Degradation mechanisms

Keynote paper: The thermodynamics of attack on Portland cement with special reference to sulfate Author(s): F.P. Glasser

Pages: 3 - 17

Sulfate attack on concrete - Solution concentration and phase stability Author(s): W. Müllauer, R.E. Beddoe, D. Heinz

Pages: 18 - 27

Influence of sulphate solution concentration on the performance of cementitious materials during external sulphate attack Author(s): R. El Hachem, E. Roziere, F. Grondin, A. Loukili

Pages: 28 - 36

Investigations of external sulfate attack on limestone blended Portland cements Author(s): T. Schmidt, B. Lothenbach, M. Romer, K. Scrivener

Pages: 37 - 44

Analysis of deterioration of the concrete of a sewer for industrial waste water with sulphates Author(s): E. Menéndez, C. Andrade

Pages: 45 - 53

The leaching effect of concrete immersed in ammonium nitrate solution Author(s): U. Schneider, S.-W. Chen

Pages: 54 - 64

Effect of W/C ratio on physical properties of totally decalcified mortars degraded with ammonium nitrate Author(s): F. Cassagnabère, J. Verdier

Pages: 65 - 77

Influence of granulated slag on the chemical resistance of cements to the action of ammonium nitrate combined with the temperature of a hot climate Author(s): M. Behim, P. Clastres

Pages: 78 - 87

Mechanism and implications of acid attack on fly ash and ash/slag inorganic polymers Author(s): J.L. Provis, R.R. Lloyd, J.S.J. van Deventer

Pages: 88 - 95

Degradation of cementitious materials by some organic acids found in agroindustrial effluents Author(s): A. Bertron, S. Larreur-Cayol, T.M.T. Le, G. Escadeillas

Pages: 96 - 107

Acetic acid attack of blended cement pastes Author(s): O. Oueslati, J. Duchesne

Pages: 108 - 115

Concrete corrosion in a wastewater plant Author(s): A. Leemann, B. Lothenbach, C. Hoffmann, S. Bischof, P. Lunk

Pages: 116 - 124

Durability of cement based materials in contact with drinking water Author(s): M. Schwotzer, A. Gerdes

Pages: 125 - 132

Impact of environmental microorganisms on chemical evolution of cement pastes Author(s): S. Roux, F. Feugeas

Pages: 133 - 140

Volume 1 - Session 2: Degradation modeling and service life prediction

Keynote paper: Behavior of HPC nuclear waste storage structures in leaching environment Author(s): A. Sellier, L. Buffo-Lacarrière, M. El Gognouni, X. Bourbon

Pages: 142 - 166

Numerical modelling of effects of chemical evolution on mechanical behaviour of concrete Author(s): L. Buffo-Lacarrière, A. Sellier

Pages: 167 - 178

Modelling of leaching effects on fibre-reinforced concrete properties Author(s): G. Camps, A. Sellier, A. Turatsinze, G. Escadeillas, X. Bourbon

Pages: 179 - 186

Effect of concrete composition on resistance of concrete to acid attacks Author(s): R.E. Beddoe, K. Schmidt

Pages: 187 - 195

Coupled modeling of cement paste degradation by microbial activity Author(s): L. De Windt, P. Devillers

Pages: 196 - 203

Uncertainty quantification in durability analysis of concrete under sulfate attack Author(s): S. Sarkar, S. Mahadevan, J.C.L. Meeussen, D.S. Kosson

Pages: 204 - 211

Influence of limestone on sulfate ingression Author(s): B. Lothenbach, T. Schmidt

Pages: 212 - 219

Micromechanics applied to the modelling of the behaviour of concrete submitted to external sulphate attack Author(s): R. El Hachem, F. Grondin, E. Roziere, A. Loukili

Pages: 220 - 227

Physico-chemical investigation of cement pastes degradation in clayey environment: experimental approach and preliminary modelling Author(s): A. Dauzeres, P. Le Bescop, P. Sardini

Pages: 228 - 239

A probabilistic approach for assessing concrete degradation due to leaching Author(s): T. de Larrard, F. Benboudjema, J.-B. Colliat, J.-M. Torrenti, F. Deleruyelle

Pages: 240 - 248

Probabilistic design and bayesian update for durability. Application to a marine environment Author(s): F. Deby, M. Carcassès, A. Sellier

Pages: 249 - 260

Gas diffusion through unsaturated cement-based materials Author(s): T.H. Vu, F. Frizon, S. Lorente

Pages: 261 - 268

Determination of the chloride transport properties of blended concretes from a new electric migration test Author(s): J. Lizarazo-Marriaga, P. Claisse

Pages: 269 - 277

Volume 2 - Session 3: Test methods

Keynote paper: Development of test methods to adress the various mechanisms of sulfate attacks Author(s): D. Hooton, P.W. Brown

Pages: 280 - 297

A critical review on test methods for evaluating the resistance of concrete against sulfate attack Author(s): K. Van Tittelboom, N. De Belie

Pages: 298 - 306

Design of an accelerated test method for external sulfate attack Author(s): S. Messad, M. Carcasses, L. Linger

Pages: 307 - 317

Effects of drying-wetting cycles on chloride ingress into concrete Author(s): A. Ben Fraj, S. Bonnet, A. Khelidj, R. Coué

Pages: 318 - 325

Influence of artificial cracks on chloride diffusion Author(s): K. Audenaert, G. De Schutter, L. Marsavina

Pages: 326 - 333

Design of a simplified and accelerated test for reinforced concrete biodeterioration Author(s): M. Hajj Chehade, C. Lors, D. Damidot

Pages: 334 - 342

Test method for evaluating biologically induced degradations of cementitious materials in agro-industrial environments Author(s): C. Magniont, M. Coutand, A. Bertron, X. Cameleyre, G. Escadeillas, C. Lafforgue, S. Beaufort

Pages: 344 - 355

Comparison between several methods for determining the resistance of concrete to leaching Author(s): I. Llorente, M. Castellote, C. Andrade

Pages: 356 - 362

Experimental protocols set up for leaching simulation under static and dynamics conditions Author(s): C. Perlot, M. Carcasses, G. Ballivy

Pages: 363 - 371

Leaching performance test assessing durability of concrete exposed to chemical attack Author(s): F. Jacquemot

Pages: 372 - 379

X-ray microtomographic analysis of cement pastes with spherical rigid inclusions: cracking due to leaching and the influence of pre-cracking on leaching Author(s): T. Rougelot, N. Burlion, D. Bernard

Pages: 380 - 388

Acid resistance of concrete containing blast-furnace slag: Influence of the pore srtucture and hydration process Author(s): E. Gruyaert, N. De Belie, P. Van den Heede

Pages: 389 - 396

Volume 2 - Session 4: Test methods

Keynote paper: Calcium aluminate aoncrete for sewers: going from qualitative to quantitative evidence of performance Author(s): F. Saucier, S. Lamberet

Pages: 398 - 407

Acid resistant concrete sewer pipes Author(s): C.W. Fourie, M.G. Alexander

Pages: 408 - 418

Combined acid and sulphate attack on concrete due to oxidation of iron disulphide in construction ground Author(s): B. Siebert, R. Breitenbücher

Pages: 419 - 426

Influence of curing periods and fine materials on the acid resistance of self compacting concrete Author(s): H. Siad, H.A. Mesbah, H. Khelafi, M. Mouli

Pages: 427 - 433

Use of neutralised bauxite refinery residue (Bauxsol TM) to improve acid and sulphate resistance of concretes in aggressive environments Author(s): S.A. Barbhuiya, P.A.M. Basheer, G.I.B. Rankin, M.W. Clark

Pages: 434 - 441

Degradation of reinforced concrete structures in ammonium nitrate environments Author(s): I. Pepenar

Pages: 442 - 448

Use of early age carbonation to improve the heavy metal immobilisation potential of cement based materials Author(s): K.J. Owens, P.A.M. Basheer, B. Sen Gupta

Pages: 449 - 457

Influence of slag content and curing conditions on the kinetics of carbonation Author(s): M. Behim, P. Clastres

Pages: 458 - 466

Effects of limestone sand on transport properties of concrete Author(s): K. Akrout, M. Ltifi, S. Bonnet, M. Choinska, M. Ben Ouezdou

Pages: 467 - 474

Corrosion monitoring of port structures Author(s): F. Blin, D.W. Law, B. Gray

Pages: 475 - 484

Long-term durability and microstructural comparison of three reinforced concrete military structures Author(s): M. Januszewski

Pages: 485 - 492

Volume 2 - Posters

Influence of cement and aggregate nature on degradation mechanisms Author(s): C. Perlot, M. Carcasses, J. Verdier, X. Bourbon

Pages: 494 - 495

Study of the mechanisms of biodegradation of concrete in sewer systems by biogenic hydrogen sulfide and sulphuric acid Author(s): T. Chaussadent, F. Boinski, L. Divet, A. Pavoine, E. Van-Hullebusch

Pages: 496 - 497

Influence of carbonate in sulfate environments Author(s): W. Kunther, B. Lothenbach, K. Scrivener

Pages: 498 - 499

Influence of the cement nature on external sulfate attack Author(s): J. Auger, S. Lorente, M.-P. Ysorches-Cubaynes, F. Cussigh, L. Demilecamps

Pages: 500 - 501

Penetration of multi-components aggressive chemicals in non-saturated contrete structures Author(s): Y. Xi, L. Li, N. Damrongwiriyanupap

Pages: 502 - 503

Influence of sodium sulfate solution on the mechanical properties of reinforced concrete beams Author(s): R. Zeghib

Pages: 504 - 504

Suggestion of methodology for evaluation of marine environment's aggressiveness to the reinforced concrete structures Author(s): T.C. Kumm, W.L. Repette

Pages: 505 - 505

Effect of granulated slag addition on the physico-mechanical behavior oilwell cements in aggressive environment Author(s): A. Benmounah, M. Samar, R. Khéribet, M. Saidi, M. Débiane

Pages: 506 - 506

Volume 2 - PSC special session

Air permeability of concrete cover and its relationship with carbonation progress under long-term exposure test in Japan Author(s): K. Imamoto, K. Shimozawa, N. Nagayama, J. Yamasaki, S. Nimura

Pages: 508 - 514

Use of durability related tests for quality control: variability obtained in a real case Author(s): B. Ribeiro, A. Gonçalves

Pages: 515 - 522

Performance monitoring of cover-zone concrete Author(s): J. McCarter, M. Chrisp, G. Starrs, S. Nanukuttan, L. Basheer, M. Basheer

Pages: 523 - 531

Swiss standards SIA 262:2003, a step towards performance-based specifications for durability Author(s): F. Jacobs, R. Torrent

Pages: 532 - 539

Electrical resistivity as a tool to on-site assessment of curing efficiency Author(s): L. Fernandez Luco, C. Andrade, M.A. Climent

Pages: 540 - 547

Application of durability indicators for quality control of concrete members - a practical example Author(s): H. Beushausen, M. Alexander

Pages: 548 - 555

Effect of fluidized bed combustion fly ash on the chloride resistance and scaling resistance of concrete Author(s): D. Jozwiak-Niedzwiedzka

Pages: 556 - 563

The use of resistivity for measuring aging of chloride diffusion coefficient Author(s): C. Andrade, M. Castellote, R. d'Andréa

Pages: 564 - 571

Volume 2 - 218-SFC special session

Keynote paper: Overview of sonic testing methods for cement based materials during setting and hardening and results of RILEM TCS ATC and FSC Author(s): C.U. Grosse, H.W. Reinhardt

Pages: 574 - 579

Ultrasonic wave energy and frequancy spectrum as an alternative instead of wave velocity to monitor concrete or mortar setting Author(s): N. Robeyst, N. De Belie

Pages: 580 - 587

A ultrasonic device for simulating and testing the in-situ conditions of concrete Author(s): A. Bouhadjera, C. Bouzrira

Pages: 588 - 594